Chemistry nomenclature

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aka "chemical nomenclature". Stolen directly from my very expensive textbook.

I hate this shit with a passion, but I have to memorize it for my Gen Chem I test on Monday. Shoot me now. --Jhannah 12:09, 2 February 2008 (CST)

Contents

Organic

Non-organic

Ionic compounds

Positive ions (cations)

(a) Cations formed from metal atoms have the same name as the metal. Example monatomic ions: 

Na+   sodium ion
Zn2+  zinc ion
Al3+  aluminum ion

(b) Roman numerals, or Latin -ous and -ic which mean "lower" or "higher" charge 

      Roman numeral       Latin
Fe2+  iron(II) ion        ferrous ion
Fe3+  iron(III) ion       ferric ion
Cu+   copper(I) ion       cuprous ion
Cu2+  copper(II) ion      cupric ion

(c) Two common -ium names. wtf? 

NH4+  ammonium ion
H3O+  hydronium ion

Memorize table 2.4

Negative ions (anions)

(a) Monatomic ions: replate the end of name with -ide 

H-    hydride ion
O2-   oxide ion
N3-   nitride ion

This applies to a few polyatomic anions as well: 

OH-   hydroxide ion
CN-   cyanide ion
O22-  peroxide ion

(b) Polyatomic anions ending in oxygen (oxyanions): per-, -ate, -ite, hypo- 

Cl-        chloride

ClO4-   perchlorate     +O
ClO3-      chlorate     most common
ClO2-      chlorite     -O
ClO-   hypochlorite     -O2

NO3-       nitrate ion
NO2-       nitrite ion
SO42-      sulfate ion
SO32-      sulfite ion

(c) Adding H+: hydrogen_, dihydrogen_ 

 CO32-               carbonate ion
HCO3-       hydrogen carbonate ion

  PO43-              phosphate ion
H2PO4-    dihydrogen phosphate ion

Memorize table 2.5

Ionic compounds

Cation name first, then anion name. 

CaCl2         calcium chloride
Al(NO3)3      aluminum nitrate
Cu(ClO4)2     copper(II) perchlorate (or cupric perchlorate)

Acids

-ide changes to hydro- -ic

 Cl-        chloride
HCl    hydrochloric  acid
  S2-       sulfide
H2S    hydrosulfuric acid

-ate changes to -ic, -ite changes to -ous

 ClO4-      perchlorate
HClO4       perchloric  acid
 ClO3-         chlorate
HClO3          chloric  acid
 ClO2-         chlorite
HClO2          chlorous acid
 ClO-      hypochlorite
HClO       hypochlorous acid

Binary molecular compounds

  • The name on the left of periodic table is written first.
    • Except for oxygen, which is always written last.
      • Except for when combined with fluorine.
  • If both elements are in the same group, the higher atomic number is named first.
  • The name of the second element is given -ide.
  • Greek prefixes
    • mono- is dropped off first element.
    • If prefix ends in a or o and name of second element begins with a vowel, (such as oxide), the a or o is often dropped.
    • mono- (1), di- (2), tri- (3), tetra- (4), penta- (5), hexa- (6), hepta- (7), octa- (8), nona- (9), deca- (10). 
Cl2O    dichlorine monoxide
NF3     nitrogen trifluoride
N2O4    dinitrogen tetroxide
P4S10   tetraphosphorous decasulfide
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